Fig 4a represents a hoof capsule with the collateral grooves lifted too high off the ground by excess sole and wall. The hoof should probably be trimmed to the dashed line to shorten the hoof capsule and allow proper function and callusing of the sole and frog. Fig. 4b demonstrates the valuable information we can get in the field from a shallow collateral groove. If you have done hoof dissections and understand the relatively consistent shape of the inner structures, and the consistent distance from the collateral grooves to the inner structures, you can very accurately estimate the amount of sole under P3 and the lateral cartilages. When faced with this "flat foot" many professionals still try to cut the foot shorter from the bottom (right side of Fig. 4c). This undermining of P3 leaves the entire horse free to migrate downward through the hoof capsule. Read http://www.hoofrehab.com/Seasons.html for cadaver views of this.

The left side of Fig. 4c represents the true need in this situation. We need to build a natural sole depth to achieve solar concavity and a healthy foot. Contrary to the way the sketch must be drawn, this generally does not cause the hoof capsule to become longer. Instead, the building of the callus drives P3 upward, relative to the coronet, often shortening the overall length of the hoof capsule as the relationship between the coronet and P3 becomes more correct. 

So in the field, if you see a "long" hoof capsule with shallow (or normal) collateral groove depths at the apex of the frog, you can almost count on distal descent of P3, and should get radiographs and take corrective measures immediately.

You can also use these landmarks to ensure your trimming isn't the cause of sensitivity and descent of P3. The farriers rasp should not get closer than 5/8 inch from the bottom of the collateral grooves for any reason. Doing so overexposes P3 and the sole's sensitive corium and should be considered surgery, in my humble opinion. [Please read the article, Understanding the Soles at www.hoofrehab.com for further clarification of using the collateral grooves to read sole depth.]

The hoof in Fig. 5 is a classic example. This was the condition of the front left hoof the first time I saw it, after four years of lameness through numerous corrective shoeing protocols. The collateral groove at the apex of the frog is only 1/8th inch deep. This should immediately tell you that you will not be able to shorten this long toe from the bottom. In order to build adequate sole depth under P3, thus lifting the collateral grooves off the ground, almost a half inch of sole needs to be built up! In fact you can clearly see the imprint of P3 on the sole. I traced its "footprint" with my hoof pick so it shows up white in the photo. It also should be clear that the walls are no longer attached to P3 either, and lamellar wedge (keratin proliferation by the laminae between the dermal and epidermal laminae) has filled in the void between P3 and the wall. The material behind the white scratching is sole, produced from and attached to the solar surface of P3. The material between the white scratching and the wall is lamellar wedge.

The bone position is so low in the hoof capsule – cutting this long hoof to a "natural length" would actually cause you to rasp away part of P3! 

Fig. 6 shows the same hoof eight months later, before her six-week maintenance trim. Note that the hoof has now reached a more natural length, but the collateral groove at the apex of the frog is now recessed within a 5/8-inch deep bowl of solar concavity. This healthier toe length that would have quicked the horse eight months ago exists with much more armor underneath than it had then, at the same time. P3 has moved upward (relative to the coronet) significantly. At no time was the sole of this horse cut. This concavity was built, by adding adequate sole thickness under P3. 

The same horse's radiographs give the same information. Fig. 7 and 9 were taken a year before I first saw the horse and the photo above was taken. It appears the sole was a bit thicker, rotation less and distal descent less severe at that time, than what I had to start with a year later. So how do you fix such a situation? The horse has to be barefoot for a while. The horse got this way by having its walls overloaded, without the assisting support through the sole. To reverse it, simply do the opposite. The first priority is to build adequate sole depth and heavy callus under P3. Pressure and release stimulates growth, so the fastest way to do this is to maximize movement while the hooves are bare or on foam rubber boot insoles. 

At the same time, the walls should be rolled or beveled out of a "lifting role" and P3 should be loaded through the sole so the coronet can migrate toward a more natural position relative to P3. One might think that if we add a half inch of sole to a hoof this long, the hoof capsule will end up even longer. The opposite is true. With the walls rolled and the sole unmolested and callusing, the hoof capsule actually becomes much shorter as the coronet moves down to its normal position relative to P3 and the lateral cartilages. 

I need to stress to use hoof boots with padded insoles if there is any discomfort, if the soles are thin, or if the terrain is rocky. Running around in rocks on a thinned sole is dangerous. You need to build a thick callused sole before you do that. Pressure to an unnaturally thinned sole can cause bruising and can even restrict blood supply to the sole by restricting flow through and from the circumflex artery that follows the perimeter of the distal border of P3. This can "starve" the sole and reduce the sole's ability to thicken and callus. Keep the horse on yielding terrain at first, and/or use the foam insoles in boots to avoid this pitfall. It is critical that any means of sole support provide a total release of pressure to the solar corium during hoof flight- This is why I prefer boots over fixed shoeing systems for laminitic horses (and for horses that aren't laminitic yet).

I usually use dense foam rubber insoles (1/2 inch thick). Many combinations will work, but over the counter, I've had the best results with Easyboot Epic Boots, and their Comfort Pads available as accessories. Read the article http://www.hoofrehab.com/BootArticle.htm for more specific information.

In this particular case, however, the horse became comfortable immediately when the pressure was relieved from the disconnected walls and lamellar wedge; there were no rocks in the environment, so the horse was worked and turned out bare. Let the horse be the judge and use the pads and boots for any situation that causes discomfort or possible bruising. 

 2017 Edit: for updates to my booting and shoeing methods, read http://www.hoofrehab.com/GloveMods.pdf.

The Quarter Horse hoof in Fig. 11 shows the basic trim we use to help move P3s higher in the hoof capsule. It is also the very fastest way to grow out white line separation or hoof capsule rotation I've ever seen, so it makes a great tool for any farrier's bag of tricks. It's tempting, I know, to want to cut that sole down below the wall at the toe, making it "passive." You have to realize it still won't be passive in varied terrain, but the sensitive structures will just be closer to the outdoors. Let the callus build (unless the collateral groove depth at the apex of the frog exceeds 3/4-inch). This horse only has 1/4-inch of collateral groove depth. We still need to build more sole under P3 to drive P3 upward as the coronet relaxes into a healthy position.

In the real world, when the walls are trimmed this way, they aren't quite as passive as it may appear. As the hooves sink into terrain and of course after breakover as the horse is pushing off its toes, the walls are definitely still doing a share of the work. The bevel causes the force to be directed inward a bit, so stress on the laminae is minimal. In fact, I estimate that in yielding terrain or rocky terrain, there is more of a "squeezing together" force on the laminae than vertical sheer force. This becomes even more important if a bad diet is weakening the laminae. Read http://www.hoofrehab.com/Diet.html.

Don't bring the large bevel onto the heel buttress. In fact I usually only bevel from the widest part of the foot forward. The heel buttress must be left strong and intact in every circumstance. Like the sole, allow frog to build into dense callus. Routine frog thinning can cause sensitivity and a toe first landing. It is very important that you achieve heel-first impact with these horses (at any gait faster than the walk; a flat impact is okay at the walk). Toe-first impact will continue to drive P3 lower into the hoof capsule no matter how you trim or shoe.

Why is it difficult or impossible to lift P3 higher in the hoof capsule with fixed shoeing methods? There are two important reasons. First, according to Bowker's research the sole "hates" constant pressure, but "loves" and grows the best with continued pressure and release. Second and most important, the hoof wall grows much faster than the sole or frog. If you attach perfect P3 support to the hoof walls today, by tomorrow your support has crept away a tiny bit. Four weeks later, the support may have moved distally 1/4-inch or more and in an already compromised situation, P3 is free to migrate right on down with the "fixed support" and the growing walls. Am I suggesting that farriers start carrying around a stock of hoof boots and rubber insoles? If they work with foundered horses or work to keep sport horses at optimum performance, yes. They can reap tremendous results during the "off season."

Fig. 12 shows the front foot of a teenage feral cadaver that died on the range in a cattle grate. This healthy vertical relationship between P3 and the hoof walls exists in our foals, and should remain there throughout life. If you monitor and maintain this relationship in the horses in your care you will help ensure healthy hoof function and joint mobility. It will also allow them to enjoy thick callused soles and naturally short breakover - all in the same foot. The reversal of distal descent is a slow process. The most important thing to understand is it is much easier to prevent. Keep foals trimmed, never allowing the walls to lift the sole out of an assisting support role. Avoid carbohydrate overload and mineral imbalance, which can constantly weaken the laminae. Give shod horses a barefoot period in the off-season while continuing a strict, routine trim schedule. A little prevention can add years to the horse's life.  

For a deeper understanding, read the companion article http://www.hoofrehab.com/Coronet.html.

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